The Importance of Exercise Essay Example

The Importance of Exercise Essay Exercising is a key component of living a healthy life. â€Å"Regular exercise is necessary for physical fitness and good health. It reduces the risk of heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes and other diseases. In my generation exercising can be over looked. †(Why is) People seem to be consumed more with television shows, fast food, and other unhealthy activities. â€Å"The average American watches three and a half hours of television every day. That adds up to 56 days of channel surfing per year.By the age of 65, over nine years will have been spent in front of the small screen! † (The importance) Physical Education in schools are also suffering: From 1991 to 1999, participation in physical education in schools dropped from 42 percent to 29 percent. Since it is not a required part of the curriculum in most schools, kids basically opt not to be involved. † (The importance) Exercise should be promoted by parents, teachers, and other adults to people in my generation so decrease the percentage of obese individuals. Exercise can be beneficial in many ways.It is good for the mind, body, and soul. â€Å"It reduces the risk of heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes and other diseases. It can improve your appearance and delay the aging process. † (Why is) Different types of exercise can be helpful to different parts of the body: Exercising with weights and other forms of resistance training develops your muscles, bones and ligaments for increased strength and endurance. Your posture can be improved, and your muscles become more firm and toned. Stretching exercises are also important for good posture.They keep your body limber so that you can bend, reach and twist. Improving your flexibility through exercise reduces the chance of injury and improves balance and coordination. If you have stiff, tense areas, such as the upper back or neck, performing specific stretches can help loosen those muscles, helping you feel more relaxed. Aerobic exercise involves continuous and rhythmic physical motion, such as walking and bicycling. It improves your stamina by training your body to become more efficient and use less energy for the same amount of work.As your conditioning level improves, your heart rate and breathing rate return to resting levels much sooner from strenuous activity. (Why is) Excerise is also very good for your heart. Your heart is one of the bodies most important parts of your body. Without exercise your heart can suffer. Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for developing coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease is characterized by deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, calcium and other substances in the inner lining of arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle.It also contributes to other risk factors, including obesity, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, a low level of HDL (good) cholesterol and diabetes. Even moderately intense physical activity such as brisk walking is beneficial when done regularly for a total of 30 minutes or longer on most or  all  days. (Physical Activity) It also said that the more you exercise the less stress you have. Exercising releases endorphins that make you happier. â€Å"Stress is one thing that has brought tremendous attention from doctors all over.In the fast paced world, many people are affected by stress in the process of making their livelihood. Exercising diverts attention from stressful matters and reduces depression. † (The importance) Obesity in America is at an all-time high. Not only is it unhealthy, obesity is deadly. â€Å"Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children, and authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st  century. † (Obesity) Some believe obesity is so common it’s not harmful but, obesity is actually considered a serious health condition. Obesity i s a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health. † (Obesity) This condition can be caused by various things. â€Å"At an individual level, a combination of excessive food energy intake and a lack of physical activity is thought to explain most cases of obesity. A limited number of cases are due primarily to genetics, medical reasons, or psychiatric illness. † (Obesity) When an individual becomes obese it can be very difficult to reverse these effects.Some irreversible effects obesity causes are diseases: Excessive body weight is associated with various diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. As a result, obesity has been found to reduce life expectancy. (Obesity) On the bright side, the most common way people cure their obesity is through exercising, and dieting. In conclusion, exercise is vital to live a healthy life. Without it the human body can suffer greatly. Although, many people overlook exercise if we can inform others if it’s importance we can have a healthier generation.

Thier Eyes Were Watching God essays

Thier Eyes Were Watching God essays Janie Crawford, the main character of Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, was an unusually independent woman as compared to the women of her time. The main plot of Janie's story comes from her life, which is permeated by her men. Though she evolved into an independent woman, Janie was married three times and didnt truly find love until she married her last husband. During her life Janies husbands: Logan Killicks, The Honorable Joe Starks and Tea Cake Woods became her lessons and her legacy; they were her men. Although the novel does not go into deep detail about the first man in Janies life, her life began with disaster through her father. His name is not given but it is noted that he was a white man (the school teacher) who raped her mother, Leafy. Ergo, Janie was raised by her grandmother (Nanny) with no real man in her life as she grew up. However her grandmother tried to raise her to get a good husband. The second man in Janies life was really the first physical encounter, though there was no major interaction between the two. Johnny Taylor was a young neighborhood man that steals a kiss from young Janie. As she enjoys the kiss and is just about to develop an initial opinion about men, Nanny walks in and catches Janie in the act. This incident will be an unfortunate prediction of her life. As with all of her men, just as things are going to progress to a stage of pleasantries and tolerance, the men are gone. This first real man in Janies life is Logan Killicks. Logan, her first husband was a farmer. This marriage was arranged by Nanny to ensure that her granddaughter would be well taken care of for life. Nanny didnt realize that the come-as-it-may lifestyle that she allowed to live would seriously conflict with the life of a farm wife. Logan expected Janie to be the perfect wife and farm hand ...

Book Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Book Report - Essay Example Her failure to manage the employees would lead to cutting off some jobs of her current employees. This thought of managing the employees has been portrayed in the book as a very daunting task and she gets some idea of managing those employees once she visits the Fish Market in Seattle. The Fish Market, known as Pike Place Fish Market, in Seattle, seems to be the focal place in the book and it is that particular area where Mary witnesses the fish mongers to work in a jolly atmosphere and serving their customers with great sincerity. The fish mongers throw the fish at other fish guys, some of them are caught by them whilst some are dropped. This catching and fumbling is hugely entertaining for the crowd, the customers and the fish guys. Each catch is praised by either the crowd or some staff guy whilst any drops are treated sarcastically or with humour. All these events at the Fish Market made Mary Jane realise that there were two ways of doing any work, one being to conduct and finish of your work in good mood or to finish of your work with bad temperament. The main scope of this book was to identify that work has to be done by each and every employee. Hence it is upon that particular employee to do it with the frame of mind that he has. The main aspect of improving work at any particular job is to choose the right attitude towards the work. The four key concepts that Mary Jane derived from this encounter at the Fish Market were: The meaning of this concept is that the work performed by any individual at work should be in such a manner that it should promote his interest in the work i.e. as if he is playing at work. Each and every activity conducted should be done with fun and high energy. This means that employees should create a great bond amongst them i.e. every activity should be carried with team work and great aspiration. This activity helps in building a better and great team in any working atmosphere. As explained above, this means that each and

Has Reality Television Made Voyeurism Another Form of Entertainment Essay

Has Reality Television Made Voyeurism Another Form of Entertainment - Essay Example Although earlier forms of this type of entertainment have been seen as early as 1948 with Candid Camera, it gained more notoriety and a wider genre by the end of 1990s with the introduction of the shows like Survivor, Big Brother, and American Idol (Caudle, 2011). These shows portray various situations and activities, with some featuring contests between ordinary people competing for money and other prizes, others portraying ordinary people living their lives while raising their children, and some others featuring celebrities carrying out daily activities. All in all, these shows seem to share common themes – taking ordinary people and placing them in extraordinary situations or presenting the reality of celebrities’ lives to an audience who would likely be engaged in the fascinating and magical lives that these celebrities are living. Reality shows seem to portray the magical and the ordinary, the reality and the ‘non-reality’ of celebrity or non-celebrity lives. For some shows, an element of voyeurism seems to be one of the common elements, especially as these allow the viewers a peek into the lives of celebrities and non-celebrities. The voyeur element also seems to lend entertainment value for viewers as melodramatic events like weddings, dates, births, and arguments often draw in high ratings. This paper shall explore reality television and how it engages the magical and the real. It will also discuss how reality television has made voyeurism a form of entertainment. Initially, a brief overview of popular reality television shows will be discussed, indicating reasons for their popularity. Secondly, this paper will present the negative and the positive impact of reality television. Thirdly, a deeper analysis of the reasons for the popularity of reality television shall be considered. Lastly, this essay shall be summarized and its themes clearly established in order to answer its primary goals and research issue. This article is be ing carried out in order to establish a clear understanding of reality television, its general impact, and what it implies about current TV behaviors as well as preferences. Body Overview of reality television shows When the shows Big Brother and Survivor became major successes in 2000, reality television suddenly gained widespread popularity. Specifically, the shows Survivor and American Idol consistently topped the television ratings since their inception (Hill, 2005). Other shows like America’s Next Top Model, Dancing with the Stars, The Apprentice, Fear Factor, and Big Brother were soon able to gain a global audience in the years that followed. Some television companies have also set aside networks, including Fox Reality, Global Reality Channel in Canada and Zone Reality in the UK to cater specifically to these reality shows (DeVolld, 2011). Other networks like Bravo, VH1 and MTV have also numerous reality shows in their line-up. Other successful shows like COPS have beco me major successes and the profit generation for TV networks and producers has also been very significant (Hill, 2005). Reality show celebrities have also made millions of dollars in profit for their TV contracts and product endorsements (Hill, 2005). This genre has also spawned new singers, dancers, models, chefs, actors, directors, and celebrities like the Kardashians who have been known as

Novel reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Novel reflection - Essay Example Krakauer demystifies the enigmatic Everest as well as points out that the climbers were like any other normal human beings with their share of heroism and courage, fear and failure. Just as he draws an account of the successful expeditions of the legendary climbers he would speak of the gruesome instances of failures, death and the struggles of survival. Krakauer being a passionate climber his story narrates first hand experiences. It is his understanding and knowledge of climbing that seems to give him an insight into the nature of the expedition and make his interpretation meaningful. The Lhotse Face episode reveals a disturbing picture of the state of the climbers who were completely demoralized and were suffering from a multitude of ailments related to high altitude. The stark reality of ego tussles and pride stand out amid the impending natural catastrophe that once again exposes the vulnerable nature of human beings. The utter lack of cooperation from the climbers of the other expedition teams and the climbing strategies that sometimes compelled one to be insensitive seem to question the ethical values of our society that are flouted on the mountains. A reading of his book Into Thin Air helps one to conceptualize the various intentions of those people who have willingly opted to undertake the hazardous journey to scale the Everest. It is astonishing for lay persons to conceive of the madness of spending some $70,000 dollars to climb Mt. Everest. It is all the more disturbing to find out that a large number of climbers though rich are not qualified climbers. As Krakauer points out that there were people from different walks of life be it the wealthy doctor Beck Weathers or the rich socialite Sandy Hill Pittman. It appears that all of those climbers have their individual reasons to ‘summit’ (Krakauer, 1997) the Everest. For some reaching the top of the Everest is a dream fulfillment and something of a trophy for a

The Limitations Of Activity Based Costing Accounting Essay

The Limitations Of Activity Based Costing Accounting Essay ABC Costing is a modern costing technique that is used to determine the cost of the product for the management reporting purposes. ABC Costing System is a tool that is used in decision-making process. However, it has some certain limitations. ABC Costing System is very costly to implement and maintain in a manufacturing and serving departments. Data concerning numerous activity measures must be collected, checked, and entered into the system. Which raise the labor requirement and need to be scrutinized on activity basis? ABC costing systems produces the reports that are different from the profit and loss reports produced through traditional costing systems. As most of the companies are using traditional costing systems, so because of the difference in the costing basis the costing and financial reports of the two companies of the same industry could not be compared for performance evaluation purposes. Adaptability of ABC Costing System is not suitable for all kind of companies because small companies have not many resources to adapt it and have too many activities but size of transactions is too low.   Data Produced through ABC Costing System can easily misinterpret and can lead towards wrong decisions. So manager should use the data produced through ABC Costing System with extreme care and should assign the costs that are relevant to the products, customers and should not consider the other cost objects that are irrelevant. ABC costing system does not comply with the GAAP and a company has to produce its reports for internal and external purposes by using traditional and ABC costing system both at a time. In ABC costing system costs are allocated on the base of cost drivers and activities undertaken to manufacture the product, definitely, it provides the accurate and proper allocation of the costs to the products but there is a danger of over or under costing of the products when irrelevant cost drivers or activities are assigned to the products or services produced. Q2) Please explain the differences between FIFO and Weighted Average Method in the process industry. How are units accounted for?   How are costs accounted for?   In periods of low inflation what method would make a difference? From a TAX point of view, does it make a difference? Differences in Weighted Average and FIFO Costing Systems: The main difference between FIFO and Weighted Average Costing systems is the method of calculation of the inventory and cost of goods sold in process costing system. Valuation Method: In FIFO costing method, costing department assumes that the goods that are sold earlier are the goods that are brought earlier and so on. The cost of goods sold is calculated on the base of the sequence of goods brought and sold. In Weighted Average costing method, goods are valued on the base of total goods available for sale and ignore the sequence of their arrival in inventory and sales to the customer. Formula of the cost of goods available for sale or cost of sale is as follows: Cost of total available for Sales ($) Per Unit Cost of Goods Sold = Total No. Of Units available for Sales Suitability: FIFO method can only be used where inventory can be separated easily and the cost of the inventory can be determined like computer, vehicles and other industries of the same nature. Weighted Average Method is the most commonly used method and can be applicable in all industries but the organizations engaged in those products that could not be separated like oil; Natural Gas and LPG etc use particularly weighted average costing method. In calculation of units accounted for FIFO method consider the units started and completed in the current period only and the beginning work in process units and its cost remain separate and it is considered that the opening work in process units are completed first and then new units started and completed in the same time period and units costs are calculated separately for beginning work in process units and units started in current period. While in average costing method, equivalent production is calculated and based on equivalent production the cost of unit is determined and allocated to the production. Q3) Can you explain the advantages and disadvantages of the Standard Cost system? Advantages / Benefits of Standard Costing System: Standards are the key factors that are used in management by exception approach. If costs remain within the standards, managers would be satisfied and would concentrate at routine activities but if it across the standards then it would be an alarming situation for the managers and they would try to analyze the reasons of inefficiency. Standards are the targets that have been set by the management to achieve and they compare the actual performance of the employees with the standards. Standard costs simplify the book keeping process as well by charging the standard cost to the job or product and by making the adjusting entry of the variance at the end of the period. Standard costs fit naturally in an integrated system of responsibility accounting. The standards establish what costs should be, who should be responsible for them, and what actual costs are under control. Disadvantages / Problems / Limitations of Standard Costing System: Frequency of reporting the variance is too low that make the prà ©cised and useful data useless due to its release too late when it became out of date. Labour variances consists mainly on labour quantity standards and labour efficiency variances and in both variances it is assumed that the production is highly labour intensive and the factor of machines performance is ignored. There are some cases where a favourable variance can be as bad as or worse than an unfavourable variance i.e McDonalds has a standard for hamburger meat that should be in a Big Mac. A favourable variance would mean that less meat was used than standard specifies. The result is a substandard Big Mac and possibly a unsatisfied customer. In standards costing system, meeting the standards of production and cost efficiency has more importance and other factors like quality of the products and satisfaction of the customer have been ignored. In standard costing approach, the standards are considered the final destination and improvement process become very slow or stopped. Q4) Please explain the following:   NET PRESENT VALUE CONCEPT.If the NET Present Value is   Then the PROJECT ISPositive .Acceptable since it promises a return greater than the required rate of return! Net Present Value Approach: NPV is a technique used in the management accounting for the decision-making and covered under the head of capital budgeting. In NPV approach the present value of the net inflow and outflows are compared by taking the effect of inflation and other factors influencing the value of money. The present value of the cash outflow is adjusted against the present value of the inflows resulting from the investment and multiplying with the discount factor to equate it to the present value of this future inflow. Then the results are compared with the following table. If the net present value is Then the project is Positive Acceptable since it promises a return greater than the required rate of return Zero Acceptable, since it promises a return equal to the required rate of return. Negative Not acceptable, since it promises a return less than the required rate of return Q5) Please explain a comparison of the Net Present Value and the Internal Rate of Return Methods. Which method do you like?   What are the strengths of each.   Comparison between NPV and IRR Method: In most of the conditions, Net Present Value Approach and Internal Rate of Return Method provide the same results. However, some times these present opposite results. When we compare both methods, we consider the mechanism working behind both techniques. In internal rate of return, a rate of return is calculated based on the future net income arising from the investment by using given formula: IRR = Initial Investment Net Income Then this required rate of return is compared with the required rate of return from investment, if IRR of the investment is greater than the required rate of return then the project is accepted otherwise the project is rejected. This method is much better than payback period and other old methods, because it considers the income of the projects to evaluate the project and also take account the inflows after the completion of payback period. In NPV method the present value cash outflow is matched with the present value of the cash inflows arising from the projects and if the NPV is positive then the project is accepted otherwise rejected. NPV Approach is better approach then IRR because IRR completely ignores the time value of the money and just consider the net income arising from the project whereas NPV is based on the time value of the money by considering the inflation factors. Q6) Managerial Accounting can work in many fields manufacturing and in the service industry. Provide some examples of how Managerial Accounting can work in your industry using some of the tools you learned in this course?   If in the Health Field, Could Relevant Costs be of use?   Application of Managerial Accounting: Managerial Accounting has equal application in the service and manufacturing industry as well. There are three major an aspect for which managerial accounting is widely used. Decision Making Products Pricing Performance Evaluation Decision Making: One of the most important functions of the management is to make the right and timely decisions for the development and security of the going concern status of an organization. This function is required in all kind of industries whether services or manufacturing. Managerial Accounting tools are used to provide the basis for comparison and making the accurate decisions. Product /Services Pricing: Every business has been established in order to earn some financial benefit and every business whether it deals in goods or services have to charge a price from its customers for the use of products or clients against the services provided. So managerial accounting tools and techniques would be used in order to determine the price of the goods or services to achieve the targeted profit. Performance Evaluation: Performance evaluation is required in all business areas and managerial accounting techniques would be used to evaluate the performance of a particular organization by comparing it with the same kind of industry or performance of the departments and businesses could be compared but all of these tasks are accomplished by the effective use of managerial accounting. Relevant costing techniques are used in all industries and have application in the health field as well. The price charged to the patients should be formulated by keeping the factors of relevance in mind and historical costs should be eliminated when there are surplus capacity is available.

William Marshall Essay -- essays research papers fc

William Marshall is considered by many to be the epitome of knighthood and chivalry as well as being an outstanding ambassador for England during the turbulent twelfth and thirteenth centuries. From a virtually obscure beginning, William evolves into one of the most dominant stately figures of the time in England. During his brilliant military and political career, William served as knight for the courts of Kings Henry II, Richard (the Lion-hearted), and John. William was born around 1147 to John Marshall and Sybil of Salisbury during the reign of King Stephen. His father, John Marshall, served as a court officer and eventually earned the status of a minor baron. John Marshall was a shrewd soldier and a skilled negotiator. He was the premier example of lordship in William’s life. William’s relationship with his father would be brief and he would never experience him beyond his childhood. John Marshall died in 1165. John would leave a legacy behind that would influence William’s life and spark the future of his outstanding career both as a soldier and a courtier. At age thirteen William was sent to William De Tancarville, to begin his military training for the knighthood. William De Tancarville was known throughout Europe as one of the grander patrons of knighthood. In the Tancarville household, William would learn courtliness in addition to all other prerequisites found in a professional soldier of the day. After six years of being a squire in the Tancarville Household, Marshall was knighted in 1166. In 1170, King Henry II appointed William to the head of his son’s mesnie or military household. William was responsible for protecting, training, and maintaining the military household for Prince Henry. In 1173, William knighted the young Henry, becoming his lord of chivalry. During this time period, Marshall earns many victories on the tournament field and here he first establishes himself as one of the most prolific and gallant knights of the time. During these tournaments, Marshall began to create and mold friendships with the most powerful and influential men of the day. In 1183, during a rebellion against his father, Prince Henry contracted dysentery. As his health rapidly deteriorated, Prince Henry gave William his cloak, which had a Crusader’s cross stitched on it, and made him promise to deliver it to the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Wil... ...od that Marshall transcends boundaries from knight into statesman. Under William’s rule, order is restored to England. This reestablished royal rule in England. Marshall watched over the noble household and cared for the young own king until his death on May 14, 1219. William served faithfully under three kings and served as regent for a fourth. His loyalty and honor never hesitated and were never compromised. His oaths of fealty and innate sense of honor governed and directed his entire life. Because of his commitments, William Marshall will remain the most outstanding knight of the Middle Ages. WORKS CITED Crouch, David. 1990. William Marshall Court, Career and Chivalry in the Angevin Empire. Longman Publishing, New York.

Policy Analysis Paper/CJA/464 Essay

Policy is a large part of policing in the United States. Policy helps set law, and law helps keep order amid the chaos if enforced properly. But every policy must be looked at carefully before, during and after enforcement to make sure that policy is and continues to be the best fit for the issues at hand. Sometimes looking at two policies and comparing them can help find a solution in the middle. It is important to give a policy a realistic goal, to accomplish in a realistic time in order to find out if it was truly effective or not. Crime Control Model/ Due Process Model: Crime control model places emphasis on using more police and harder court sentences to help deter and hopefully reduce crime. It utilizes the powers held by the government to protect the people, with limited regards to their rights (Sociology Index, 2013). It favors tougher punishment to crimes and on the criminals that perform them. Crime Control model argues that sometimes, persons should give up their rights, to protect and benefit society as a whole. Often people are assumed to be guilty until proven innocent. Due Process tries to focus on the rights of the individuals and limiting the power held by the government. People that wish to limit government tend to favor the due process model over the crime control model. In the due process model, people are innocent until proven guilty, and are not adequately punished until their guilt is well established through the criminal justice system. Each model has their place in our criminal justice system, having both strengths and weaknesses. As society changes, the models must be willing to trade off to adapt to the crime conditions for that time. Both embrace some aspects of the core values of the constitution, and while the ways they can work together are few, they do have their moments. Policies/ Opinion: The Border Search of Information Policy is a policy set forth in 2008 which allows Border Patrol agents the ability to search and seize both printed and electronic materials and devices without needing a warrant or probable cause (CPB, 2008). If an individual is going through a check point or any Border Patrol station, the officers may choose to pull them aside for a random inspection. During the course of that inspection they may go through any and all electronic and printed items (ACLU, 2013). ICE and Department of Homeland Security have similar policies. These policies all seem to throw out the fourth amendment which states â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized†. (Fourth Amendment, 1789) Some argue that this is a necessary right to forgo, to stop such things as child pornography, or links to terrorism (DHS, 2014). I have even heard the excuse of â€Å"If you have nothing to hide, it shouldn’t be a problem. † I respectfully have to disagree, quoting Benjamin Franklin â€Å"They who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety. † (Franklin). Currently this policy seems to favor crime control, and not due process, violating people’s rights without just cause. Roles of the Courts: The courts play a few roles in this policy. One role is as they are prosecuting the violations several cases might get thrown out due to the constitutionality of the search. Courts have the power to look at this policy, and try to find a way to fix the constitutional rights that are being violated within before people that deserve to get punished, get set free to continue their illegal activities. If this does not change, many more innocent people maybe hurt as their rights are violated trying to attempt to catch people that will try to get away with a crime any way they can. Some may think they have nothing to hide, that they’ve done nothing wrong, only to be caught because in a text message they talk about something private that may raise questions in the eyes of the officer. Conclusion: . The people need to know that they are going to be innocent until proven guilty and they have to trust that the government always has their best interest in mind. This includes keeping their essential constitutional rights in mind, and protecting them from possible abuse of power by officers who feel above the law. Due process and Crime control models do have their place, and the country’s courts must attempt to find a balance between the rights of the individuals and the protection of society. By analyzing the policies at hand, and establishing clear boundaries ensures that the criminals are caught the correct way, and the rights of the innocent people are left undamaged.

Cloning, a Biological Horror essays

Cloning, a Biological Horror essays A. While the cloning of humans may sound good in theory, there are several compelling reasons not to legalize it. A. Cloning is a fairly new field of science 1. Things like Dolly the sheep are soon to become regular breakthroughs 2. Because of creatures like Dolly, governments, religions, and people in general have been thrown into a panic stricken uproar B. A clone is an identical twin that has the exact same genetic makeup as its original 1. This process involves fertilizing an egg, and replanting it into a female for gestation 2. The process is extremely complex and is known to have a very high rate of failure 3. There are detrimental physical and psychological effects on both of the subjects involved in the process C. To attain a healthy cloned subject such as Dolly, one must play a terribly long game of trial and error with many more failures than successes D. People would use cloning as an unsafe way to bypass what comes natural which is sex, to achieve the same results A. The legalization of cloning humans would be an unthinkable idea due to the life that would be lost and the severe outcomes of the process The cloning of humans has its roots planted shallow in the whole scope of scientific history, and is a relatively new field. When most people hear the word clone, they think immediately of Dolly the sheep, but beyond that they cant tell you much more on the subject. However, even with little known about its beginnings in research, cloning had established itself a solid foundation to grow on long before Dolly was made famous by Scottish cell biologist Ian Wilmut. Almost a year before that was Cumulina, a mouse cloned by researcher Ryuza Yanagimachi at the University of Hawaii. Although even from a scientific perspective, the cloning of a mouse was probably a mor...

Laws to Protect Children †Childhood Development Essay

Laws to Protect Children – Childhood Development Essay Free Online Research Papers Laws to Protect Children Childhood Development Essay Issues surrounding child protection, the family and state intervention are multifaceted and complex. The social construction of the family is framed in a contextual subjectivity, value laden and built upon the culture, experiences and understanding of those involved. Within this a wide range of problematic issues can be identified in definition, including how we define and perceive the family and children and subsequently with the resolution of that definition, what constitutes acceptable and unacceptable behaviour within the family. To encompass all definitions and perceptions within public discourse would not be possible which makes it extremely challenging to then know exactly when and on what grounds, assumptions and understanding the state should intervene in family life. A definitional issue and an unwillingness of many to open the private inner world of family life to public interpretation and scrutiny does not mean the state should not intervene, but rather highlights many of the pressures and contention faced in state intervention. Defining abuse is central to determining appropriate state intervention with the suggestion that â€Å"child abuse is not an absolute concept, and behaviour has to be examined in its context before it is defined as maltreatment†¦the chronicity and severity of maltreatment prompts intervention.† (Fernandez 2005 p180) A sensitive dichotomy between family privacy and state intrusion and monitoring is also an important issue, particularly when exploring state intervention as a preventative measure as â€Å"acknowledging that any form of surveillance of child-rearing practices poses a threat to the family in a liberal state† (Fernandez 2005 p184) leaving interventions trying to juggle these two contradictory standpoints in child protection. A generally agreed definition in practice is inclusive of â€Å"when a child has been, is being, or is likely to be subjected to physical, emotional, or sexual actions, or inactions which result in significant harm or injury to the child.† (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 1999 p6) From this an argument can be formulated that all behaviour and actions included in this definition warrants state intervention. State intervention may often be conceptualised into two response categorisations – prevention and protection. In locating when the state should intervene in child protection matters relative to protection where abuse is believed to have already occurred it is less complex as the state moves towards protecting the child from risk of harm as soon as possible. The parameters of potential abuse occurrence and investigation are clearer with the role of the state in child protection able to be clarified relative to the outcome of the investigation and specific situational contexts. In matters of prevention, the question of when the state should intervene can become more problematic and complex. The proliferation of prevention service provision as a key child abuse prevention strategy has proven to be very successful with â€Å"getting services to families at a time when they identify that they need help is an important way to support the strengths in a family and make positive chan ges in the lives of children and young people† (NSW Commission for Children and Young People 2000 p44) When a family requests assistance as a preventative measure they can receive appropriate support and intervention for their current issues and future needs which is a conducive partnership is preventing abuse and establishing support networks for children and families. Imposing preventative strategies with families is much more problematic as if no abuse or maltreatment has yet occurred and the family is unwilling to co-operate it is difficult to work towards positive and preventative outcomes. Determining state intervention with particularly marginalised groups may also be very challenging. For example, families with children with learning disabilities may be recognised as a particularly at risk. Mild to moderate developmental disabilities which include intellectual and learning impairment â€Å"were over represented in the sample of maltreated children with disabilities, supporting the view that such children are more at risk of maltreatment than children with a severe disability† (Tomison 1993 p6). There are many factors such as parental stress, interruptions in attachment and child inability to understand or resist abuse that may indicate a high risk for abuse however these risk factors cannot be used to create assumptions of abuse or neglect. State intervention at a prevention level may certainly benefit many families with children with a disability however imposing these is not a fair or appropriate response. Another marginalised group accustomed to the role of state intervention of some level within their lives are refugee children. Refugee children’s status within Australia is already evidence of state intervention. These are children who may be classified as high risk, with multiple family issues. These may include trauma from their experiences in their home countries, their asylum to Australia, from their detention or processing for refugee status as well as ongoing issues surrounding their relocation, financial stress and cultural difference which may include a different conceptualisation of child maltreatment and abuse. These may be individuals who are also, understandably suspicious of state intervention further problematizing if in instances such as these, state intervention as prevention or as protection becomes necessary. Determining when the state should intervene within these examples is difficult, as is defining state involvement with any at risk group and is dependant on wide-ranging factors and specific contexts. Legislation and practice standards within child protection do not specifically mandate appropriate responses and protocol defining when the state should intervene in family life. However, promotion of the health, wellbeing and safety of children and young people is a fundamental consideration within all aspects of the care and protection of children. Inclusion of plans and strategies to prevent abuse and neglect, provide support and assistance to families in difficulty or facing multiple issues, responding to reports of risk of harm as a matter of safety and prevention and ensuring that cases are adequately investigated and offenders appropriately dealt with are recognised among interagency practice (NSW Commission for Children and Young People) These definitions and standards work hand in hand with the principle of â€Å"the best interests of the child† recognised within the ratified United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CROC). Within the convention the best interests of the child are held as a paramount or at minimal a primary consideration in actions and decisions concerning children. (NSW Commission for Children and Young People 2005) This underpins many of the principles, practices and actions undertaken within child protection within the Australian context. If we can articulate and ascertain that state intervention should occur to promote health, wellbeing, safety and overall best interests of the child, we must deconstruct how we decide what the best interests of the child may be. The United Nations CROC does not simply define a child’s best interests but rather reflects points of clarity central to the best interests of the child that are adaptable to the specific context of the child. These points include the need for a child’s best interests to be taken into consideration, a respect for a child to enjoy the rights and freedoms specified within CROC, the participation of children in decision making processes effecting them and in the event of a parent being unable to maintain the child’s best interests as a fundamental concern, the state may need to intervene in the family life (NSW Commission for Children and Young People 2005) CROC determines minimum standards by which to understand the best interests of the child but is not directly implemented through legislation, although is meant to be included in various aspects of the Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 and the Family Law Act amendments of 1996 (NSW Commissi on for Children and Young People 2005) Within child protection practice, the best interests of the child should be represented and reflected in the provision if a child and family centred focus which is wherever possible involving the inclusion and collaboration of all necessary family members and services providers. It should be planned, holistically co-ordinated with the participation of all relevant parties including the child, is evidence based and wherever possible is preventative and strengths based worked on obtaining positive goals and outcomes. A strong argument for children’s issues and children’s rights within child protection relates to the rights of children and young people to participate in decision making that affect their life. This is a fairer representative method of comprehending the plethora of issues surrounding and involved in the best interests of a child, as a child has a right to inclusion and also has an insight into their own life which may prove to be beneficial in determining best interests and making plans for the future. The recent focus on child participation has been reflected in legislation, policy and practice however its significance within an often â€Å"adult centred paradigm† (Mason 2005 p91) undervaluing the construction of childhood and understanding of the often challenging experiences for children. Policy and practice has often reflected children as â€Å"future adults and thereby ignoring them as ‘beings’ with experiences in the present† (Mason 200 5 p92) Child inclusive and participatory practice is one of the most fundamental elements in working towards the best interests of the child with a greater need for child representation, consultation and consideration in all aspects of child protection. Rogers and Wrightsman have identified two major orientations within child protection in determining the best interests of a child. These include the ‘nurturance orientation’, an adult centred top down approach, and the ‘self determination’ orientation, taking into account the articulated thoughts needs and wants of a child in all aspects of policy planning and action. (Fernandez 2005 p187) As with determining when the state should intervene in the life of a family, certain considerations and assumptions must be explored to gain a comprehensive insight and understanding of the contextual experience and circumstances of the young person. This is very important in determining best interests and again various considerations must be incorporated such as ensuring the health, safety and welfare of the child as paramount, meeting all the basic needs of the child, giving children, young people and families an opportunity to contribute to the decision making process where appropriate as well as a consideration of the child’s culture and identity as essential in being upheld and supported and approached in a culturally appropriate and inclusive manner. Determining the best interests of the child may also be problematic with marginalised groups such as children with learning disabilities and refugee children. Children with learning disabilities may not be able to articulate or represent their best interests, in many instances disenabling them from active participation and self-determination in decision-making on their own future. However the best interests of the child should not be imposed or defined without the input where possible of the child. An understanding of the needs of the child, the context and the factors determining and influencing their situation must also be examined when exploring the best interests of the child as a child with a disability should not be defined by that disability but rather as a child, with the diversity of needs, experiences and interests. This is also problematic with refugee children who may face multiple language and cultural barriers and may hold suspicion and fear of the state determining factors regarding their future and interests. The best interests of the child as a principle reflect the UN convention on the rights of the child and thus reflect a life of safety, health and wellbeing, which was unlikely from their country or origin. Cultural understanding, prevention, collaboration and inclusiveness are essential in determining the best interests of refugee children. Their experiences are complex and diverse with barriers such as language, cultural isolation, resistance, fear, lack of knowledge of law and customs and lack of access to services. These need to be adequately taken into consideration as to not warrant a knee jerk reaction to practices that may not represent a western notion of the best interests if the child. There are a wide range of issues, conflicts and dilemmas a child protection worker may face within their work in child protection services. The concepts of protecting children, state intervention and the best interests of the child are value laden and interjected with ever changing contextual subjectivities that complicate and problematize much of the involvement of child protection agencies and workers in the lives of children and families. The child protection worker is centred within these diverse and often contradicting forces and influences and plays a difficult role as a decision making intermediator in situations where no interpretation or decision can ever be completely inclusive or absolute, and where all documentation and decisions made by workers can be questioned and scrutinized. Although this is essential and interdisciplinary collaboration can lead to the most appropriate interventions, scrutiny may be unfairly framed impinging on the workers morale and sense of professional competence. All workers draw upon their professional judgement and contextualizing of events by various participants that may influence their decision-making. At all levels of intervention the worker faces these direct and indirect conflicts and dilemmas as their work is plagued with contradictions and subjectivities. This may be highlighted in situations of omission rather than commission of abuse where the basis on which a decision is made is less clear. This is a topical issue currently for workers when attempting to promote prevention rather than protection. As errors in decision-making may have significant repercussions, with their â€Å"judgement questioned or professional integrity compromised while engaged in child protection duties.† (Briggs et al 2004 p4) Managing to handle the stress and emotionally charged nature of their work is a significant issue and potential dilemma within child protection. This is an issue that may also be conflicted organisationally with inadequate support and recognition of the intensity of child protection for workers by management or colleagues (Briggs et al 2004) High staff turnover may pose a problem for the child protection caseworker with contradicting case notes, lack of stability in interaction with the family and lack of cohesive decision-making through a case history posing a serious threat to the safety and ability of a worker to engage with a family and increase the risk to a child. Workers face conflicts as they may be perceived as a threat to the family structure with many people â€Å"marginalised and disempowered reacting in frustrated and aggressive ways to those who represent authority, such as human service professionals working for a statutory body.† (Briggs et al 2004 p2) The safety of workers may be compromised with violence, threats and intimidation problematic within the field. A dilemma to the worker is how to respond to these and working on developing coping mechanisms for the stressful and problematic behaviours often resulting in burn out, transfers, absences and resignations. (Briggs et al 2004) High caseloads also pose a major problem for workers as their client numbers and departmental performance targets may conflict with the need for time on case work and the holistic investigation of cases with subsequent appropriate case management. This leads to the potential for child safety to be compromised, which is a major ethical dilemma within child protection to which there is no simple solution, rather a balance within the system to attempt to promote the best interests of the child. Child protection services have been described as â€Å"closed systems, isolated from the communities they are supposed to serve.† (Tucci et al 1998 p16) Barriers perceived, existing or imposed between child protection services and the community or other community services are problematic and isolating for the child protection worker. This may make it much more difficult for the worker to engage with the community and promote the best interests of the child, or to be able to intervene safely when necessary in the lives of families. This isolation may be proliferated structurally within child protection services with issues surrounding funding, lack of collaboration or co-operation internally or with other departments and agencies and lack of feedback or supervision. Many of the problems appear to be located intrinsically in a structural and fundamental level that may be relatively inflexible and inadaptable to the needs of the workers and the community. The recent trend of out sourcing and competitive tendering within child protection services is also a cause for concern for the child protection worker. It may be very difficult for a worker to maintain best practice principles if the service providers move away from an egalitarian and care prioritised service within an economic rationalist framework. (Tucci et al 1998) Workers may also face multiple challenges and conflicts in their work with multiple needs and particularly marginalised clients such as children with an intellectual disability and refugee children. Workers may face challenges in the participation of these children. Learning disabled children may face intellectual challenges or challenges defining personal need while refugee children may face language and cultural barriers or may fear participating or defining their needs fearing persecution and distrusting the safety of involvement with government departments. These pose potential conflicts and dilemmas for the worker who may face difficultiews with these families in prevention and protection work. The worker may see families under extenuating circumstances of stress, trauma and isolation and may face many challenges in engaging these families. Additional issues of cultural practices and the role of the family may pose additional dilemmas for the worker in working with clients who m ay come from cultures that condone levels of family violence and child abuse. This may be confronting and difficult for a worker within culturally inclusive and rights based practice facing issues of child safety, abuse, law and culture. State intervention and the best interests of the child are societal issues incorporating the values, beliefs and social construction of the child and family at an intrinsic level. This is reflected within child protection approaches to prevention and protection and is very challenging for a worker within child protection services as no universal standards of objectivity can apply to working within these situations and various contexts. Maintaining a focus upon the rights and inclusion of children and young people within these processes incorporating the holistic needs within a child’s life within the individual, family and society is of immense importance. Working within child protection towards preventative, inclusive and evidence based practice can work collaboratively with a child centred focused in providing the greatest quality support and service for children and their families and work towards the rights and safety of children being upheld within all facets of society. References Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (1999) Comparability of Child Protection Data. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Briggs, F, Broadhurst, D, and Hawkins, R. (2004) Violence, Threats and Intimidation in the Lives of Professionals Whose Work Involves Children.[online] Australian Institute of Criminology. Available From: www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi2/tandi273.pdf [Accessed 12 October 2005] Fernandez, E. (2005) ‘Child Maltreatment and Child Protection’ in Alston, M. and McKinnon, J. (Eds) Social Work Fields of Practice. (2nd Ed) South Melbourne: University of Oxford Press Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission (2005) The Best Interests of the Child. [online] Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission. Available From: hreoc.gov.au/human_rights.briefs/brief_1.html [Accessed 12 October 2005] NSW Commission for Children and Young People (2000) NSW Interagency Guidelines for Child Protection Intervention. Sydney: NSW Government. Mason, J (2005) ‘Child protection Policy and the Construction of Childhood’ in Mason, J. and Fattore, T. (Eds) Children Taken Seriously; Contemporary Theory, Policy and Practice. London: Jessica Knightly Publishers. Tomison, A.M. (1996) Child Maltreatment and Disability [online] National Child Protection Clearinghouse. Available From: aifs.gov.au/nch/issues7.html [Accessed 19 October 2005] Tucci, J, Goddard, C, Saunders, B, and Stanley, J. (1998) Agenda for Change: Solutions to Problems in Australian Child Protection Systems. Melbourne: Australians Against Child Abuse Child Abuse and Family Violence Research Unit. Bibliography Chenoweth , L. (2002) Children with Disabilities: What Evidence do we have for Better Practice? [online] Association of Children’s Welfare Agencies. Available From: acwa.asn.au/Conf2002/Confproceedings/04%20Lesley%20CHENOWETH.doc Higgins, D. (2004) Differentiating Between Child Maltreatment Experiences. Family Matters. 69 (Spring / Summer 2004), 50-55 Mason, J; and Falloon, J. (1999) A Children’s Perspective on Child Abuse. Children Australia. 24 (3) 9-13. National Child Protection Council (1996) Proposed Plan of Action for the Prevention of Abuse and Neglect of Children from Non-English Speaking Background. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service National Child Protection Council (1996) Proposed Plan of Action for the Prevention of Abuse and Neglect of Children with Disabilities. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service NSW Child Protection Council (1996) Child Protection in Non English Speaking Background Communities – Culture – No Excuse. Sydney: NSW Child Protection Council. Richardson, N, Higgins, D and Bromfield, L (2005) Making the Right Choices about Child Protection Programs and Services. [online] Australian Institute of Family Studies, National Child Protection Clearinghouse. Available From: aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/papers/mrccpps Tomison, A. (2005) Child Friendly Communities – Tailoring a ‘Whole of Community’ Message. [online] Napcan National Advisory Council. Available From: napcan.org.au/documents/AdamT2005NTLaunch.pdf Research Papers on Laws to Protect Children - Childhood Development EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePETSTEL analysis of IndiaUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Personal Experience with Teen PregnancyMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees

Life in Britain is expensive.As a result many mothers have to work to Essay

Life in Britain is expensive.As a result many mothers have to work to pay the bills. This has caused the break-up of family life and had a disastrous effect on - Essay Example are for under 2 years of age has gone up by 33% in the past 6 years (Easier Finance, 2008) and the cost of electricity and gas is up by 16% compared to last year (The Times, 2008) to quote a few. This situation has resulted in more people in a family especially mothers going out to work in order to make ends meet as revealed by a recent study that 1 in every 3 parent’s work (Easier Finance, 2008). There has been a substantial increase in the proportion of married mothers going to work since the mid-1960s according to an article published by McRae, S. According to a recent survey, the number of women going to work as increased by 18% since 1993 (Easier Finance, 2008).A major reason identified for this is the increasing cost of living and in addition work also provides women confidence in themselves, a way of exposing their skills and also increased social contact (Orr, J, 1997). The publicly funded childcare mounts to only 2 % of children under 3 years of age. While earlier on mothers took up part-time jobs now they prefer to go for full-time jobs in order to make ends meet (Orr, J, 1997, Reynolds, T, Calleder, C, Edwards, R, 2003).This trend of both the parents going to work has affected the quality time they spend with their children (Easier Finance, 2008). A study conducted has revealed that children of working mothers showed lesser educational achievement due to lack of ma ternal care (Orr, J, 1997). The study also showed that among working mothers, children of mothers who worked part-time fared better in examinations compared to those whose mothers worked full-time reflecting the fact that the amount of time spent on children by the mother had an influence on the cognitive development of the child. Another new trend that is fast growing is the atypical working hours taken up by mothers. This includes working at weekends and in shifts during weekdays in order to manage both home and work. A Recent study has revealed that children get to spend less time with

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 35

Strategic Management - Essay Example Marketing, customer service and customer relationship management, human resource management, and operations are the largest competencies of the firm associated with the value chain that allows Apple to make such a positive impression with desired customer target segments across the world. This report conducts a critical evaluation of Apple using three distinct models: Porter’s Generic Strategies, the McKinsey 7-S Framework and Johnson’s Culture Web as a means of understanding what drives considerable market success from the perspective of strategic management competency and the achievement of competitive advantage. The Generic Strategies model is illustrative of how a firm is able to attain competitive advantages in its established markets. As shown by the model, there are three strategies available to firms, including cost leadership, differentiation, or a focus strategy. When a company is pursuing the most viable method to achieve competitive advantage, the firm selects which strategy is achievable and feasible based on tangible resources, internal human capital, market conditions, procurement capabilities and operational capacity (Allen, Helms, Takeda and White 2007; Miller 1992). A business can significantly improve its performance by selecting one of these generic strategies which will underpin the corporate level strategy development and its business-level strategies that will better serve the business for competitive advantage. If a firm is unable to decide on one of these three generic strategies, it poses a risk of being stuck in the middle, which succeeds in confusing important custo mer segments and creates an uncertain market-based identity for the company (Bordean, Borza, Nistor and Mitra 2010). Apple, in its pursuit of achieving competitive advantage, has adopted a differentiation strategy that emphasises product uniqueness when targeting a broader mass market internationally. Apple has worked diligently in positioning its business